行走边缘

*If the minimum wage is above the equilibrium level,the quantity of labor supplied exceeds the quantity demanded.The result is unemployment.Thus,the minimum wage raises the incomes of those workers who have jobs,but it lowers the incomes of those workers who cannot find jobs.*Rent control may keep rents low,but it also discourages landlords from maintaining their buildings and makes housing hard to find.在正常时期，价格本身起到了配给稀缺物品的作用。当政府插手干预供给和需求时，价格不再充当配给者的角色。浪费、缺乏效率和短缺问题加剧是这些干预的必然伴随物。*Taxes discourage market activity when a good is taxed.the quantity of the good sold is smaller in the new equilibrium.buyers and sellers share the burden of taxes.The incidence of a tax depends on the price elasticities of supply and demand.The burden tends to fall on the side of the market that is less elastic because that side of the market can respond less easily to the tax by change the quantity bought or sold.*税收转嫁的一般原理:如果需求相对于供给缺乏弹性，则税收的负担大部分转嫁给了消费者;如果供给相对于需求缺乏弹性，则税赋大部分转嫁给了供给者。(注:中文部分选自萨缪尔森《经济学》第十六版)